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319

S. K. Yetkin, L’Architecture Turque en Turquie (Paris, 1962), pp. 133ff.

320

Mehmed Efendi, p. 199; cf. Kreutel and Spies (Bonn, 1954), p. 71, where the same saying is quoted.

321

A. Refik, Hicri on ikinci asirda Istanbul hayati (1100–1200) (Istanbul, 1930), p. 58; Adnan-Adivar, Science, pp. 125–26; idem, Ilim, p. 133; Berkes, Secularism, p. 27.

322

Karal, Tanzimat, p. 19; Berkes, Secularism, p. 33.

323

Mehmed Efendi, p. 91; cf. French transl., p. 137.

324

Ibid., pp. 139–40; cf. French transl., p. 214.

325

Ibid., p. 78; cf. French transl., p. 118.

326

Ibid., p. 109; cf. French transl., p. 163. Behzad was a famous Persian painter; Mani, the founder of the Manichean religion, is famed in Muslim legend as a great artist.

327

F. Babinger, «Vier Bauvorschläge Leonardo da Vinci’s an Sultan Bajezid II. (102/3),» Nachrichten der Akad. der Wiss. in Göttingen, I. Phil.-Hist. Klasse, no. 1 (1952): 1–20; idem, «Zwei Bildnisse Mehmed II von Gentile Bellini,» Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch 12 (1962): 178–82; J. von Karabacek, Abendländische Künstler zu Konstantinopel im XV. und XVI. Jahrhundert: I, ltalienische Künstler am Hofe Muhammads II. des Eroberers 1451–1481 (Vienna, 1918).

328

N. Atasoy, «Nakkaş Osman’in padişah portreleri albümü,» Türkiyemiz 6 (1972): 2–14 where color prints of the twelve sultans, from Osman to Murad III, are given.

329

See A. Boppe, Les peintres du Bosphore (Paris, 1911); and R. van Luttervelt, De «Turkse» Schilderijen van J. B. Vanmour en zijn School (Istanbul, 1958).

330

On Turkish painting and decoration, see G. M. Meredith-Owens, Turkish Miniatures (London, 1963), p. 16; N. Atasoy and F. Çağman, Turkish Miniature Painting (Istanbul, 1974); G. Renda, Batililaşma döneminde Türk resim sanati (Ankara, 1977).

331

A. Destrée, «L’ouverture de la Perse à 1’influence européenne sous les Rois Safavides et les incidences de cette influence sur l’évolution de l’art de la miniature,» Correspondence d’Orient 13–14 (1968): 91–104.

332

Cited in W. Blunt, Isfahan Pearl of Persia (London and Toronto, 1966), p. 100.

333

Cited in A. Destrée, «L’ouverture …,» p. 97.

334

I. Stchoukine, Les peintures des manuscrits de Shah

bbas Ier (Paris, 1964).

335

B. Gray, «A Fatimid Drawing,» British Museum Quarterly 12 (1938): 91–96.

336

See facsimiles in Jahn (ed.), Rash

d al-D n, Frankengeschichte; D. S. Rice, «The seasons and the labors of the months in Islamic art,» Ars Orientalis, I (1954), pp. 1–39.

337

On Levni, see S. Ünver, Levni (Istanbul, 1957).

338

The date in the colophon (1190/1776) is certainly wrong, as the Frenchwoman is depicted wearing a Phrygian cap with tricolor. A similar but rather better ms. in the Istanbul University Library is dated 1206/1793. See Norah M. Titley, Miniatures from Turkish Manuscripts (London, 1981), n. 23. See further, G. Renda, Bat

l laşma …, pp. 220ff; E. Binney, Turkish Miniature Paintings and Manuscripts (New York, 1973) P. 102.

339

G. Renda, Bat

l laşma, passim.

340

Qazv

n , p. 404; cf. Jacob, p. 29; cf. Miquel, p. 1062.

341

Evliya, 7:312; cf. Kreutel, p. 185.

342

Mehmed Efendi, pp. 83ff; cf. French transl. pp. 127–31.

343

Ghassān

, p. 97ff.; cf. Sauvaire, p. 277ff; cf. Miknās , pp. 624–25.

344

Vasif, in Cevdet, 4:355; cf. Barbier de Meynard, p. 518.

345

E. de Leone, L’Impero Ottomano nel pritmo periodo delle riforme (Tanzimat) secondo fonti italiani (Milan, 1967), pp. 58–59, citing Cesare Vimercati, Constantinople e l’Egitto (Prato, 1849), p. 65.

346

A. Slade, Records of Travel in Turkey, Greece … (London, 1832) 1: 135–36. On the harem orchestra, see Princess Musbah Haidar, Arabesque, revised ed., (London, 1968), p. 61.

347

Ghassān

, p. 62; cf. Sauvaire p. 141.

348

Ghazāl, p. 20; cf. Miknās

, pp. 107–9 and 139.

349

Hatti in Tarih-i Izzi, pp. 190ff.

350

On the theatre, see A. Bombaci, «Rappresentazioni drammatiche di Anatolia,» Oriens 16 (1963): 171–93; idem, «Ortaoyunu,» Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 56 (1960): 285–97; M. And, A History of Theatre and Popular Entertainment in Turkey (Ankara, 1963–64); idem, Karagöz, Turkish Shadow Theatre (Ankara, 1975).

351

Vasif, in Cevdet, 4: 355; cf. Barbier de Meynard, p. 518.

352

Miknās

, pp. 52 and 70.

353

Evliya, 7: 267; cf. Kreutel, p. 108.

354

Bibliotheque National, Arabe no. 6243. See Blochet, Catalogue, p. 219.

355

Sir William Jones, «A Prefatory Discussion to an Essay on the History of the Turks,» in The Works of Sir William Jones, vol. 2 (London, 1807), pp. 456–57.