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alt="" src="images/i_371.jpg"/> , (Amari) text pp. 96–97; translation, p. 80.

281

Qalqashand

, 8: 46–48.

282

Rash

d al-D n, Histoire, pp. 7–8/21; Frankengeschichte, pp. 51–52.

283

Irşād. See above, chap. 3, n. 15.

284

Icmāl-i ahval-i Avrupa. See above, chap. 5, n. 59.

285

Mehmed Efendi, pp. 33–36.

286

Şem’danizade, 2: 22.

287

Karal, Halet, pp. 32–44, and 62. On Halet’s audience with Napoleon, see B. Flemming ″

ālet Efendis zweite Audienz bei Napoleon″, Rocznik Orientalistyczny 37 (1976): 129–36.

288

Asim, 1: 62, 76, 78, 175, 265, and 374–376.

289

Abu

ālib, Masir, p. 242; cf. Stewart, 2:55.

290

Ibid., pp. 250–51; cf. Stewart, 2:81.

291

Qazv

n , ed. Wüstenfeld, p. 410; cf. Jacob, pp. 21–22.

292

Usāma, pp. 138–39; cf. Hitti, pp. 167–68.

293

Jabart

, 3:117ff.

294

Abū

ālib, Mas r, pp. 278–79; cf. Stewart, pp. 101–4.

295

Rifā

, pp. 120 and 148.

296

B. Goldstein, «The Survival of Arabic Astronomy in Hebrew,» Journal for the History of Arab Science 3 (Spring, 1979): 31–45.

297

Usāma, pp. 132–33; cf. Hitti, p. 162.

298

U. Heyd, «The Ottoman ‘Ulema’ and Westernization in the Time of Selim III and Mahmud II,» Scripta Hierosolymitana, Vol. IX: Studies in Islamic History and Civilization, ed. U. Heyd (Jerusalem, 1961), pp. 74–77.

299

Qur’ān, 9.36.

300

On mining in the Ottoman Empire, see R. Anhegger, Beitraege zur Geschichte des Bergbaus im Osmanischen Reich (Istanbul, 1943).

301

On these matters I have profited from a paper by Dr. Rhoads Murphey, «The Ottomans and Technology,» presented to the Second International Congress on the Social and Economic History of Turkey, Strasbourg, 1980. The Ottoman use of firearms was extensively discussed by V. J. Parry in EI2., s.v. «Bãrūd» and in «Materials of War in the Ottoman Empire,» Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, ed. M. A. Cook (London, 1970), pp. 219–29.

302

U. Heyd, «Moses Hamon, Chief Jewish Physician to Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent,» Oriens 16 (1963): 153, citing Nicholas de Nicolay, bk. 3, chap. 12.

303

Ibid., Nicholas de Nicolay, loc. cit., «bien sçavants en la Theórique et experimentez en pratique.»

304

U. Heyd, «An Unknown Turkish Treatise by a Jewish Physician under Suleyman the Magnificent,» Eretz-Israel 7 (1963): 48–53.

305

U. Heyd, «Moses Hamon …,» pp. 168–69.

306

Adnan-Adivar, Science, pp. 97–98; Ilim, pp. 112–13. A Persian physican called Bahā al-Dawla (d. ca. 1510), in a work entitled Khulāsat al-Tajārib, the quintessence of experience, wrote a few pages on syphilis, which he calls «the Armenian sore» or «the Frankish pox.» According to this author, the disease originated in Europe, from which it was brought to Istanbul and the Near East. It appeared in Azerbayjan in 1498, and spread from thence to Iraq and Iran (Haskell Isaacs, «European influences in Islamic medicine,» Mashriq: Proceedings of the Eastern Mediterranean Seminar, University of Manchester 1977–1978 [Manchester, 1981, pp. 25–26]). The same article also discusses a work produced in the Ottoman lands in the second half of the seventeenth century, by the Syrian physician of Sultan Mehmed IV.

307

Idem, Science, pp. 128–29; Ilim, pp. 141–43.

308

Mehmed Efendi, pp. 26ff and 122; cf. French transl. pp. 36–40, 186–90.

309

Tarih-i ’Izzi (Istanbul, 1199 A. H.), pp. 190a-190b.

310

Busbecq, pp. 213–14; cf. E. G. Forster, p. 135; cf. Forster and Daniell, 1: 125.

311

O. Kurz, European Clocks and Watches in the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 70–71, citing Rousseau, Confessions, English transl. (1891), p. 3; Voltaire, Correspondence, ed. T. Bestermann, vol. 78 (Geneva 1962), p. 127; and S. Tekeli, 16’inci Asirda Osmanlilarda saat ve Takiyuddin’in «Mekanik saat konstruksuyonouna dair en parlak yildizlar» adli eseri (Ankara, 1966).

312

Jāmā, Salāmān va-Absāl (Tehran, 1306s), p. 36; English translation by A. J. Arberry, Fitzgerald’s Salaman and Absal (Cambridge, 1956), p. 146; cit. Lynn White Jr., Medicine, Religion and Technology (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1978), p. 88.

313

Janikli Ali Pasha’s memorandum survives in a ms. in the Upsala University Library.

314

Adnan-Adivar, Science, pp. 142ff; Ilim, pp. 161–63.

315

Baron F. de Tott, Memoires (Maestricht, 1785) 3: 149.

316

G. Toderini, Letteratura turchesca (Venice, 1787) 1: 177ff.

317

Aubert du Bayet (later Dubayet) was born in New Orleans and had fought in the American Revolution under Lafayette. He had been active in the French Revolution from the start and sat in the French legislative assembly as deputy for Grenoble.

318

B. Lewis, Emergence, pp. 85ff.