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class="p1">Ibid., p. 43; cf. French transl., p. 49.

113

Ibid., p. 64; cf. French transl., pp. 62–63.

114

Duc de St. Simon, cited in N. Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal, 1964), p. 35. For a brief but illuminating appreciation of Mehmed Efendi and his role see A. H. Tanpinar, XIX Asir Türk edebiyati tarihi, vol. 1 (Istanbul, 1956), pp. 9ff.

115

Resmi, Viyana Sefaretnamesi (Istanbul, 1304) p. 33.

116

Azmi, Sefaretname 1205 senesinde Prusya K

ral Ikinci Fredrik Guillaum ’in nezdine memur olan Ahmed Azmi Efendinin ’dir (Istanbul, 1303 A. H.), p. 52; Resmi, Berlin Sefaretnamesi (Istanbul, 1303), p. 47.

117

Vasif’s report is printed in Cevdet, 4: 348–58.

118

Vasif in Cevdet, 4: 349–50.

119

On Ratib, see Cevdet, 5: 232ff; F. R. Unat, Osmanl

Sefirleri, pp. 154–62; C. V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922 (Princeton, 1980), pp. 118 and 372; S. J. Shaw, Between Old and New, The Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Selim III (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), pp. 95–98.

120

On Moroccan ambassadors and other Muslim travelers to Spain, see H. Pérès, L’Espagne vue par les Voyaguers Musulmans de 1610 a 1930 (Paris, 1937).

121

See above chapter 3, note 14.

122

S. C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose (Oxford, 1937), pp. 327–33.

123

M. Herbette, Une Ambassade Persane, passim.

124

On Shirāz

, see C. A. Storey, Persian Literature, vol. 1, pt. 2 (London, 1953) pp. 1067–8.

125

Parts of this narrative were translated from a manuscript by A. Bausani, «Un manoscritto Persiano inedito sulla Ambasceria di

usein ān Moqaddam Āğūdānbāš in Europa negli anni 1254–1255 H. (1838–39 A. D.),» Oriente Moderno 33 (1953). The original was published in Iran but from a different manuscript, Shar — i ma’mūriyat-i Ājūdān bāsh ( usayn Khān Ni ām ad-Dawla) dar Safārat-i Otr sh, Farānsa, Inglistān (Tehran (?), 1347 S.).

126

A. Bausani, «Un manoscritto Persiano …,» p. 488. This paragraph is missing from the Tehran edition.

127

Ilyās b.

annā, Le plus ancien voyage d’un Oriental en Amerique (1668–1683), ed. A. Rabbath, S. J. (Beirut, 1906). This edition first appeared in the Beirut review al-Mashriq, nos. 18 (Sept. 1905) through 23 (Dec. 1905) as «Premier voyage d’un oriental en Amerique.»

128

Azulay, Ma

al ō ha-shalem, ed. A. Freimann (Jerusalem, 1934); English transl. in E. Adler, Jewish Travellers, pp. 345–68.

129

P. Preto, Venezia e i Turchi (Padua, 1975), p. 128 citing P. Paruta, Historia della gūerra di Cipro (Venice, 1615), p. 35. On the Turkish colony in Venice, see also A. Sagrado and F. Berchet, Il Fondacho dei Turchi in Venezia (Milan, 1860), pp. 23–28 and G. Verecellin, «Mercanti Turchi a Venezia alla fine del cinquecento,» Il Veltro: Rivista della Civiltà Italiana, 23, nos. 2–4 (Mar. — Aug., 1979): 243–75. On the role of Venice as intermediary between Turkey and Europe, see W. H. McNeill, Venice, the Hinge of Europe 1081–1797 (Chicago, 1974).

130

Preto, p. 129.

131

Ibid., p. 132.

132

Ibid., p. 139.

133

Sir Joshua Hassan, The Treaty of Utrecht and the Jews of Gibraltar (London, 1970).

134

For an early example, see F. Babinger, «‘Bajezid Osman’ (Calixtus Ottomanus), ein Vorläufer und Gegenspieler Dschem-Sultans,» La Nouvelle Clio 3 (1951): 349–88.

135

There is a considerable literature on Jem and his adventures in Europe, notably L. Thuasne, Djem-Sultan: Etude sur la question d’Orient a la fin du XVe siècle (Paris, 1892); and I. H. Ertaylan, Sultan Cem (Istanbul, 1951). The Turkish memoirs were published under the title, Vakiat-i Sultan Cem (Istanbul, 1330 A. H.). See further, EI2., s.v. «Djem,» (H. Inalcik). For a collection of letters addressed to the sultan on this subject, see J. Lefort, Documents grecs dans les Archives de Topkapi Sarayi, Contribution à l’histoire de Cem Sultan (Ankara, 1981).

136

Vakiat, pp. 10–11.

137

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Khālid

, Lubnān hd al-Am r Fakhr al-D n al-Ma al-Thān , eds. Asad Rustum and Fu’ād Bustān (Beirut, 1936, reprinted 1969), pp. 208–41, Mr. Arnon Gross, to whose unpublished study of this text I am indebted, has shown that the text is not, as the editors suggest, a «fake» but is an interpolation based on an authentic narrative.

138

Şerafettin Turan, «Barak Reis’in, Şehzade Cem mes’elesiyle ilgili olarak Savoie ‘ya gönderilmesi,» Belleten 26, no. 103 (1962): 539–55; V. L. Ménage, «The Mission of an Ottoman Secret Agent in France in 1486,» Journal of