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class="p1">Результатом этой риторики стал, например, печально известный закон о борьбе с преступностью 1994 года: Dan Baum, “Epilogue: Night and Day: 1993–1994,” в кн. Smoke and Mirrors, 329–337. О продолжающемся сопротивлении минимизации вреда в лечении и исследованиях в 1990х см. Campbell, OD, 174–181.

885

Гил Керликовски, интервью Майклу Мартину: “Drug Control Policy Director Talks Prevention,” NPR, July 16, 2010, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128567349; Amanda Gardner, “White House Drug Policy Shifts Strategy,” MedicineNet, April 17, 2012, https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=157198; Zachary A. Siegel, “We’ve Been Fighting the Drug War for 50 Years. So Why Aren’t We Winning?” Appeal, June 4, 2018, https://theappeal.org/weve-been-fighting-the-drug-war-for-50-years-so-why-arent-we-winning/.

886

Audie Cornish, “Congress Ends Ban on Federal Funding for Needle Exchange Programs,” NPR, January 8, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/01/08/462412631/congress-ends-ban-on-federal-funding-for-needle-exchange-programs. Об исследованиях налоксона: Campbell, OD, 181

887

“Federalizing Medical Campaigns against Alcoholism and Drug Abuse,” Milbank Quarterly 91, no. 1 (March 2013): 140–147; Matthew Pembleton, Containing Addiction: The Federal Bureau of Narcotics and the Origins of America’s Global Drug War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2017), 289–290; John E. Helzer, “Significance of the Robins et al. Vietnam Veterans Study,” American Journal on Addictions 19, no. 3 (May—June 2010): 218–221, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521–0391.2010.00044.x.

888

Lee N. Robins et al., “Vietnam Veterans Three Years after Vietnam: How Our Study Changed Our View of Heroin,” American Journal on Addictions 19, no. 3 (May—June 2010): 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521–0391.2010.00046.x; Eric C. Schneider, Smack: Heroin and the American City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 162–163.

889

Джерри Джаффе, интервью Нэнси Кэмпбелл, 1988, Oral History of Substance Abuse Research Project, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Другие полезные обзоры исследований: Robins et al., “Vietnam Veterans”; Wayne Hall, Megan Weier, “Lee Robins’ Studies of Heroin Use among US Vietnam Veterans,” Addiction 112, no. 1 (2017): 176–180, https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13584; Jerome H. Jaffe, “A Follow-Up of Vietnam Drug Users: Origins and Context of Lee Robins’ Classic Study,” American Journal on Addictions 19, no. 3 (May 2010): 212–214, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521–0391.2010.00043.x.

890

Robins et al., “Vietnam Veterans,” 206. The key 1970s papers: Lee N. Robins, “A Follow-up Study of Vietnam Veterans’ Drug Use,” Journal of Drug Issues 4, no. 1 (January 1974): 61–63, https://doi.org/10.1177/002204267400400107; Lee N. Robins, Darlene H. Davis, Donald W. Goodwin, “Drug Use by U. S. Army Enlisted Men in Vietnam: A Follow-Up on Their Return Home,” American Journal of Epidemiology 99, no. 4 (April 1, 1974): 235–249, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121608; Lee N. Robins, Darlene H. Davis, David N. Nurco, “How Permanent Was Vietnam Drug Addiction?” American Journal of Public Health 64, no. S12 (December 1974): 38–43, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.64.12_Suppl.38; Lee N. Robins, “Narcotic Use in Southeast Asia and Afterward: An Interview Study of 898 Vietnam Returnees,” Archives of General Psychiatry 32, no. 8 (August 1975): 955–961, https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760260019001.

891

Robins, Davis, and Goodwin, “Drug Use,” 242–243.

892

Robins et al., “Vietnam Veterans,” 207.

893

Jaffe, “A Follow-up of Vietnam Drug Users,” 213.

894

К примеру, с помощью таких иструментов, как Критерии Фейгнера и Исследовательские диагностические критерии, которые легли в основу Диагностического и статистического руководства по психическим расстройством – крупнейшего современного справочника диагностических критериев. Kenneth S. Kendler, Rodrigo A. Muñoz, and George Murphy, “The Development of the Feighner Criteria: A Historical Perspective,” American Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 2 (2010): 134–142.

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Чтобы удовлетворить критериям Робинс, испытуемые должны были соответствовать трем из следующих пунктов: 1) частота употребления, 2) наличие симптомов абстиненции, 3) продолжительность абстиненции, и 4) собственное признание наличия зависимости. Разумеется, собственное признание наличия зависимости могло просто отражать распространенное представление об аддиакции как наличии толерантности и физической зависимости и не включать в себя субъективное ощущение потери контроля. Robins, “Narcotic Use in Southeast Asia and Afterward,” 955.

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Об основных принципах и устойчивости народных представлений о зависимости см. E. Mansell Pattison, Mark B. Sobell, and Linda C. Sobell, Emerging Concepts of Alcohol Dependence (New York: Springer, 1977), 10. Robin Room, “Social Science Research and Alcohol Policy Making,” в кн. Alcohol: The Development of Sociological Perspectives on Use and Abuse, ed. Paul Roman (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1991), 311–335.

897

E. M. Jellinek, “Phases in the Drinking History of Alcoholics: Analysis of a Survey Conducted by the Official Organ of Alcoholics Anonymous,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 7, no. 1 (1946): 1–88, https://doi.org/10.15288/QJSA.1946.7.1; E. M. Jellinek, “Phases of Alcohol Addiction,” Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 13, no. 4 (1952): 673–684, https://doi.org/10.15288/qjsa.1952.13.673. См. также Trysh Travis, Language of the Heart (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009), 38–39; Robin Room, “Governing Images of Alcohol and Drug Problems: The Structure, Sources, and Sequels of Conceptualizations of an Intractable Problem” (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1978), 55–57; Ron Roizen, “The Great Controlled-Drinking Controversy,” в кн. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, vol. 5, ed. Marc Galanter (New York: Plenum, 1987), 257–259.

898

M. M. Glatt, “Group Therapy in Alcoholism,” British Journal of Addiction 54, no. 2 (1958): 133–148.

899

Это заметили и другие исследователи, см., к примеру, John Crowley, ed., Drunkard’s Progress: Narratives of Addiction, Despair, and Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 1, 20.

900

Room, “Governing Images of Alcohol and Drug Problems,” 55–56. См., к примеру, “Stages of Alcoholism,” Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation (website), March 13, 2019, https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/stages-of-alcoholism.

901

George Vaillant, The Natural History of Alcoholism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).

902

Bridget F. Grant et al., “Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Substance Use Disorders and Independent Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 807–816, https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807;