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Gender, and Drugs in the Era of Mass Incarceration (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2017). Разумеется, такой подход применялся десятилетиями (см. Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Virginia Berridge, Demons: Our Changing Attitudes to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

787

John D. Harris, The Junkie Priest, Father Daniel Egan, S. A. (New York: Coward-McCann, 1964). See also Eric Pace, “Daniel Egan, 84, Drug Fighter Known as ‘Junkie Priest,’ Dies,” New York Times, February 13, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/13/nyregion/daniel-egan-84-drug-fighter-known-as-junkie-priest-dies.html.

788

См. обширную монографию William L. White, Lisa Mojer-Torres, Recovery-Oriented Methadone Maintenance (Madison, WI: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center, 2010), https://facesandvoicesofrecovery.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Recovery-Oriented-Methadone-Maintenance.pdf. См. также Stephen Gilman, Marc Galanter, Helen Dermatis, “Methadone Anonymous: A 12-Step Program for Methadone Maintained Heroin Addicts,” Substance Abuse 22, no. 4 (2001): 247–256, https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070109511466.

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“Regarding Methadone and Other Drug Replacement Programs,” World Service Board of Trustees Bulletin No. 29, Narcotics Anonymous World Services (website), 1996, https://na.org/?ID=bulletins-bull29. См. также Narcotics Anonymous and Persons Receiving Medication-Assisted Treatment (Chatsworth, CA: NA World Services, 2016), https://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/pr/2306_NA_PRMAT_1021.pdf; William L. White, Narcotics Anonymous and the Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment of Opioid Addiction in the United States (Philadelphia: Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual Disability Services, 2011), http://www.williamwhitepapers.com/pr/dlm_uploads/2011-NA-Medication-assisted-Treatment.pdf.

790

“On the Subject of Drugs, by One Who Took Them,” Grapevine, March 1947, https://silkworth.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Grapevine-Vol3-№ 10-Mar-1947.pdf; Ernest Kurtz, Not God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous (Center City, MN: Hazelden Educational Materials, 1979), 116, 347, приводятся цитаты из ранних статей Грейпвайна.

791

Рассказ из первых рук: Clancy Martin, “The Drunks Club: AA, the Cult That Cures,” Harper’s, December 9, 2010. Профессиональное обсуждение: Izaak L. Williams, David Mee-Lee, “Inside the Black Box of Traditional Treatment Programs: Clearing the Air on the Original Literary Teachings of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA),” Addiction Research & Theory 27, no. 5 (September 2019): 412–419, https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1540692.

792

Matthias Pierce et al., “Impact of Treatment for Opioid Dependence on Fatal Drug-Related Poisoning: A National Cohort Study in England,” Addiction 111, no. 2 (February 2016): 298–308, https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13193; Luis Sordo et al., “Mortality Risk during and after Opioid Substitution Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies,” BMJ 257, no. 8103 (April 2017): j1550, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1550. См. также Sarah E. Wakeman et al., “Comparative Effectiveness of Different Treatment Pathways for Opioid Use Disorder,” JAMA Network Open 3, no. 2 (February 2020): e1920622, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20622.

793

Wakeman et al., “Comparative Effectiveness.” Также имеются данные, что пролонгированный налтрексон снижает риск рецидива; кроме того, очень важно, чтобы у практикующих врачей были различные варианты, поскольку универсального препарата не существует. Joshua D. Lee et al., “Comparative Effectiveness of Extended-Release Naltrexone versus Buprenorphine-Naloxone for Opioid Relapse Prevention (X: BOT): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet 391, no. 10118 (January 2018): 309–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(17)32812-X.

794

German Lopez, “There’s a Highly Successful Treatment for Opioid Addiction. But Stigma Is Holding It Back,” Vox, November 15, 2017, https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/7/20/15937896/medication-assisted-treatment-methadone-buprenorphine-naltrexone.

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См. исходное заявление: “Methadone vs Suboxone in Opioid Treatment: Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation’s View on Use,” Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation (website), October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161105110130/https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/methadone-vs-suboxone-opioid-treatment. «Несмотря на то что метадон весьма эффективен и полезен для определенных категорий пациентов, большинство людей, участвующих в программах лечения метадоном, не ставят себе цель полного воздержания, а потому могут продолжать употреблять бензодиазепины, кокаин, алкоголь, марихуану и другие наркотики. Это не соответствует нашей двенадцатиступенчатой модели, основанной на идее воздержания». Эта позиция по сей день остается официальной позицией фонда, хотя и в несколько иной формулировке: “Suboxone v. Methadone v. Naltrexone in Opioid Addiction Treatment,” Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation (website), December 12, 2019, https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/methadone-vs-suboxone-opioid-treatment.

796

United States Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding: First Report (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1972). Работа остается актуальной и сегодня, в особенности раздел V, 127–168.

797

David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 256n29.

798

Domestic Council Drug Abuse Task Force, White Paper on Drug Use: September 1975 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/38406NCJRS.pdf.

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Херцберг пишет, что Закон о контролируемых веществах открывал возможность радикально переосмыслить отношение к наркотикам, однако дальнейшее развитие пошло в карательном направлении. David Herzberg, White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), гл. 5–6. См. также Leo Beletsky, “Controlled Substances Act at 50: A Blueprint for Reform,” Northeastern University School of Law Research Paper No. 370–2020 (February 25, 2020), https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3544384; Courtwright, “The Controlled Substances Act,” 9–15; Joseph F. Spillane, “Debating the Controlled Substances Act,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 76, no. 1 (October 2004): 17–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.011.

800

Dan Baum, Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure (New York: Little, Brown, 1996), 68, referring to BNDD.

801

Baum, Smoke and Mirrors, 72.

802

Congressional Resource Guide to the Federal Effort on Narcotics Abuse and Control 1969–1976, Part 1: A Report of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, SCNAC-95–2–2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978), 250, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/48337NCJRS.pdf.

803

Jonnes, Hep-Cats, 296–297.

804

Gene Spagnoli, “Rocky Asks Life for Pushers,” New York Daily News, January 3, 1973, sec. C; Jessica Neptune, “Harshest in the Nation: The Rockefeller Drug Laws and the Widening Embrace of Punitive Politics,” Social History of Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1086/SHAD26020170..

805

Richard Nixon, “Radio Address about the State of the Union Message on Law Enforcement and Drug Abuse Prevention,” March 10,