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помещено в архив 18 сентября 2015 года, https://web.archive.org/web/20150918165744/http://www.lycaeum.org/nepenthes/Ludlow/THE/Biography/biography.html; Timothy A. Hickman, The Secret Leprosy of Modern Days: Narcotic Addiction and Cultural Crisis in the United States, 1870–1920 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 25–32.

344

Ludlow, Hasheesh Eater, 16.

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Fitz Hugh Ludlow, “The Apocalypse of Hasheesh,” Putnam’s Monthly, December 1856, https://web.archive.org/web/20140503090034/http:/www.lycaeum.org/nepenthes/Ludlow/Texts/apocalyp.html.

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Ludlow, Hasheesh Eater, ix–x.

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Употребление терминов «опиаты» и «опиоиды» может иногда сбивать с толку. Эти термины часто используются как равнозначные, однако под опиатами чаще всего подразумеваются препараты естественного происхождения, например морфин, а в понятие «опиоиды» могут входить также синтетические вещества с той же молекулярной структурой, например оксикодон. Во избежание путаницы, в этой книге я во всех случаях пользуюсь термином «опиоиды». – Прим. авт.

348

Fitz Hugh Ludlow, “What Shall They Do to Be Saved?” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, August 1867, 377–387; Gross, “Brief Biography.”

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Фитц Хью Ладлоу, письмо редактору, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, August 1870, 458, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Harper_s_New_Monthly_Magazine/xkhGAAAAcAAJ.

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“Confessions of an English Opium-Eater,” North American Review, January 1824, 92, https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_North_American_Review/haJKAAAAcAAJ.

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H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America: A Social History, 1800–1980 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), 11–27. В опиуме содержится несколько природных психоактивных соединений, главным из которых является морфин. Впервые его сумели выделить в 1800х годах, однако массовое производство началось только в 1827 году. Это сделал Хайнрих Эмануэль Мерк, чья семейная аптека со временем превратилась в гигантскую фармацевтическую компанию.

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Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 47, 65, 96–108; Berridge, Opium and the People, 64.

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Hickman, Secret Leprosy, 38.

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Berridge, Opium and the People, 135–142.

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Anne Case, Angus Deaton, Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), 117.

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David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 9. Вопрос о том, можно ли поставить диагноз «зависимость» ретроспективно, спорный, однако Кортрайт пользовался продуманной методологией, описанной им в главе 1. См. также Courtwright, Forces of Habit, 36–37.

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Horace B. Day, The Opium Habit […] (New York, 1868), 7, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AEU2766.0001.001.

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Jonathan S. Jones, “Then and Now: How Civil War-Era Doctors Responded to Their Own Opiate Epidemic,” Civil War Monitor, November 3, 2017, https://www.civilwarmonitor.com/blog/then-and-now-how-civil-war-era-doctors-responded-to-their-own-opiate-epidemic; David T. Courtwright, “Opiate Addiction as a Consequence of the Civil War,” Civil War History 24, no. 2 (June 1978), 101–111, https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1978.0039.

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Mark A. Quinones, “Drug Abuse during the Civil War (1861–1865),” International Journal of the Addictions 10, no. 6 (1975), https://doi.org/10.3109/10826087509028357.

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Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters,” 210.

361

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Currents and Counter-Currents in Medical Science […] (Boston, 1860), 35, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Currents_and_Counter_currents_in_Medical/XaYrAQAAMAAJ.

362

Day, The Opium Habit, 5, 7.

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Morgan, Drugs in America, 22–27.

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Уильям Уайт разработал собственную схему эпидемических циклов употребления наркотиков: William L. White, Randall Webber, “Substance Use Trends: History and Principles,” Counselor 4, no. 3 (2003): 18–20.

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Joseph F. Spillane, Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 8–22, 84–86; Courtwright, Forces of Habit, 47.

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W. H. Bentley, “Erythoxylon coca,” Chicago Medical Times 12, no. 10 (January 1881): 504–5, https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZavVd0VBfQC&pg=PA504; W. H. Bentley, “Erythoxylon coca,” Therapeutic Gazette 1, no. 12 (December 1880): 350–51, https://books.google.com/books?id=RHVMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA350.

367

William L. White, Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Lighthouse Institute, 2014), 31–33.

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Sarah W. Tracy, Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 28–40; White, Slaying the Dragon, 31; John W. Crowley, William L. White, Drunkard’s Refuge: The Lessons of the New York State Inebriate Asylum (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004); Arnold Jaffe, Addiction Reform in the Progressive Age: Scientific and Social Responses to Drug Dependence in the United States, 1870–1930 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1976); Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Christopher M. Finan, Drunks: An American History (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017), 80–83.

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Roberts Bartholow, The Treatment of Diseases by the Hypodermatic Method (Philadelphia, 1879), 6, 90–107, https://books.google.com/books?id=oyvePAtztLsC.

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Berridge, Opium and the People, 142.

371

Crowley and White, Drunkard’s Refuge, 29–39; Finan, Drunks, 72–77; Jaffe, Addiction Reform, 27.

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Jim Baumohl, “Inebriate Institutions in North America, 1840–1920,” British Journal of Addiction 85, no. 9 (September 1990): 1187–204, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360–0443.1990.tb03444.x; Jim Baumohl, Robin Room, “Inebriety, Doctors, and the State: Alcoholism Treatment Institutions before 1940,” в кн. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, vol. 5, ed. Marc Galanter (New York: Springer, 1987), 135–74; Finan, Drunks, 50–70.

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Katherine A. Chavigny, “ ‘An Army of Reformed Drunkards and Clergymen’: The Medicalization of Habitual Drunkenness, 1857–1910,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 69, no. 3 (July 2014): 383–425, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrs082.

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White, Slaying the Dragon, 62–67. Более подробно о том, как феномен наркозависимости стал темой медицинского и популярного дискурса см. в кн. Zieger, Inventing the Addict, 51–60.