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Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 500–501.

964

Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998), 22, 26, 29.

965

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 60–61.

966

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 37–39.

967

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 48.

968

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 50.

969

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 53.

970

Selçuk Akşin Somel, ‘Osmanlı modernleşme döneminde periferik nüfus grupları’, Toplum ve Bilim 83, Osmanlı: Muktedirler ve Mâdunlar (Kış 1999–2000): 178–199.

971

Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, s.v., ‘Alevīs’, by Markus Dressler.

972

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 68–75.

973

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 85.

974

Eugene Rogan, ‘Aşiret Mektebi: Abdülhamid II’s School for Tribes (1892–1907)’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 1 (February 1996): 83–107; Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 99–104.

975

Somel, ‘Osmanlı modernleşme döneminde periferik nüfus grupları’, 197–198.

976

Göle, The Forbidden Modern, 32.

977

Elizabeth Frierson, ‘Unimagined Communities: Women and Education in the Late-Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909’, Critical Matrix 9, no. 2 (1995): 55–90.

978

David Leupold, Embattled Dreamlands: The Politics of Contesting Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish Memory (London: Routledge, 2020), 108, 111, 153.

979

Ronald Grigor Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”: A History of the Armenian Genocide (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 86–87.

980

Цит. по: David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, 3rd rev. ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004), 53.

981

Janet Klein, The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011).

982

Stephan Astourian, ‘The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power’, in A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Müge Göçek, and Norman Naimark (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 55–81.

983

Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”, 105–123.

984

Deringil, Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire, 203.

985

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 27, 31–32.

986

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 137.

987

Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 149.

988

Baer, Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks, 53–72.

989

Julia Phillips Cohen, Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 6, 8.

990

Cohen, Becoming Ottomans, 49.

991

Cohen, Becoming Ottomans, 59.

992

Teacher Mercado Joseph Covo (d. 1940), quoted in Devin Naar, ‘Fashioning the “Mother of Israel”: The Ottoman Jewish Historical Narrative and the Image of Jewish Salonica’, Jewish History 28, no. 3 (2014): 337–372, здесь 363.

993

Covo, цит. по: Naar, ‘Fashioning the “Mother of Israel”’, 366.

994

Цит. по: Cohen, Becoming Ottomans, 49.

995

Цит. по: Cohen, Becoming Ottomans, 54.

996

Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”, 123–125.

997

Cohen, Becoming Ottomans, 75–76.

998

‘Eyewitness to Massacres of Armenians in Istanbul (1896)’, in Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700–1950, ed. Sarah Abrevaya Stein and Julia Phillips Cohen (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014), 134–139.

999

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, ‘“Down in Turkey, Far Away”: Human Rights, the Armenian Massacres, and Orientalism in Wilhelmine Germany’, Journal of Modern History 79, no. 1 (March 2007): 80–111, здесь 87.

1000

Quoted in Yair Auron, The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide (London: Transaction, 2000), 116.

1001

Auron, The Banality of Indifference, 119.

1002

Irvin Cemil Schick, ‘Sultan Abdülhamid II from the Pen of His Detractors: Oriental Despotism and the Sexualization of the Ancien Régime’, Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 5, no. 2 (Fall 2018): 47–73.

1003

Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Routledge, 1978), 1–3.

1004

Трансиордания простиралась на юге через пустыню Негев до Акабского залива. На востоке и на севере не было реальных границ, на западе было Мертвое море, а на востоке пролегали маршруты караванов и паломников, эту область называли Хиджаз. – Прим. ред.

1005

Eugene Rogan, Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 151; Maurus Reinkowski, Die Dinge der Ordnung: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung über die osmanische Reformpolitik im 19. Jahrhundert (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2005), 249–253.

1006

Цит. по: Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains, 41.

1007

Reinkowski, Die Dinge der Ordnung, 245.

1008

Christoph Herzog and Raoul Motika, ‘Orientalism “alla turca”’, Die Welt des Islams 40, no. 2 (2000): 141–195.

1009

Цит. по: Herzog and Motika, ‘Orientalism “alla turca”’ 185–186.

1010

Цит. по: Herzog and Motika, ‘Orientalism “alla turca”’,