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Filip Piekniewski, «AI winter is well on its way,» Piekniewski’s Blog, May 28, 2018, blog.piekniewski.info/2018/05/28/ai-winter-is-well-on-its-way/.

155

Ford, Interview with Jeffery Dean, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 377.

156

Ford, Interview with Demis Hassabis, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 171.

157

Andrea Banino, Caswell Barry, Dharshan Kumaran and Benigno Uria, «Navigating with grid-like representations in artificial agents,» DeepMind Research Blog, May 9, 2018, deepmind.com/blog/article/grid-cells.

158

Ford, Interview with Demis Hassabis, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 173.

159

Andrea Banino, Caswell Barry, Benigno Uria et al., «Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents,» Nature, volume 557, pp. 429–433 (2018), May 9, 2018, www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0102-6.

160

Will Dabney and Zeb Kurth-Nelson, «Dopamine and temporal difference learning: A fruitful relationship between neuroscience and AI,» DeepMind Research Blog, January 15, 2020, deepmind.com/blog/article/Dopamine-and-temporal-difference-learning-A-fruitful-relationship-between-neuroscience-and-AI.

161

Tony Peng, «Yann LeCun Cake Analogy 2.0,» Synced Review, February 22, 2019, medium.com/syncedreview/yann-lecun-cake-analogy-2-0-a361da560dae.

162

Ford, Interview with Demis Hassabis, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 172–173.

163

Jeremy Kahn, «A. I. breakthroughs in natural-language processing are big for business,» Fortune, January 20, 2020, fortune.com/2020/01/20/natural-language-processing-business/.

164

Ford, Interview with David Ferrucci, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 409.

165

Там же, с. 414.

166

Do You Trust This Computer? released April 5, 2018, Papercut Films, doyoutrustthiscomputer.org/.

167

Ford, Interview with David Ferrucci, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 414.

168

Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, Penguin Books, 2005.

169

Ray Kurzweil, How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed, Penguin Books, 2012.

170

Ford, Interview with Ray Kurzweil, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 230–231.

171

Mitch Kapor and Ray Kurzweil, «A wager on the Turing test: The rules,» Kurzweil AI Blog, April 9, 2002, www.kurzweilai.net/a-wager-on-the-turing-test-the-rules.

172

Sean Levinson, «A Google executive is taking 100 pills a day so he can live forever,» Elite Daily, April 15, 2015, www.elitedaily.com/news/world/google-executive-taking-pills-live-forever/1001270.

173

Ford, Interview with Ray Kurzweil, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 240–241.

174

Там же, с. 230.

175

Там же, с. 233.

176

Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Dario Amodei et al., «Better language models and their implications,» OpenAI Blog, February 14, 2019, openai.com/blog/better-language-models/.

177

James Vincent, «OpenAI’s latest breakthrough is astonishingly powerful, but still fighting its flaws,» The Verge, July 30, 2020, www.theverge.com/21346343/gpt-3-explainer-openai-examples-errors-agi-potential.

178

Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, «GPT-3, Bloviator: OpenAI’s language generator has no idea what it’s talking about,» MIT Technology Review, August 22, 2020, www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/22/1007539/gpt3-openai-language-generator-artificial-intelligence-ai-opinion/.

179

Ford, Interview with Stuart Russell, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 53.

180

«OpenAI Founder: Short-Term AGI Is a Serious Possibility,» Synced, November 13, 2018, syncedreview.com/2018/11/13/openai-founder-short-term-agi-is-a-serious-possibility/.

181

Connie Loizos, «Sam Altman in conversation with StrictlyVC (video),» YouTube, May 18, 2019, youtu.be/TzcJlKg2Rc0, location 39:00.

182

Luke Dormehl, «Neuro-symbolic A. I. is the future of artificial intelligence. Here’s how it works,» Digital Trends, January 5, 2020, www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/neuro-symbolic-ai-the-future/.

183

Ford, Interview with Yoshua Bengio, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 22.

184

Машина, придуманная американским карикатуристом Рубом Голдбергом, — устройство, выполняющее очень простое действие очень сложным образом. — Прим. пер.

185

Ford, Interview with Geoffrey Hinton, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 84–85.

186

Ford, Interview with Yann LeCun, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 123.

187

Anthony M. Zador, «A critique of pure learning and what artificial neural networks can learn from animal brains,» Nature Communications, volume 10, article number 3770 (2019), August 21, 2019, www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11786-6.

188

Zoey Chong, «AI beats humans in Stanford reading comprehension test,» CNET, January 16, 2018, www.cnet.com/news/new-results-show-ai-is-as-good-as-reading-comprehension-as-we-are/.

189

Все примеры схемы Винограда взяты из: Ernest Davis, «A collection of Winograd schemas,» New York University Department of Computer Science, September 8, 2011, cs.nyu.edu/davise/papers/WSOld.html.

190

Ford, Interview with Oren Etzioni, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 495–496.

191

Там же.

192

Ford, Interview with Yoshua Bengio, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 21.

193

Ford, Interview with Yann LeCun, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 126–127.

194

Там же, с. 130.

195

Ford, Interview with Judea Pearl, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 364.

196

Ford, Interview with Joshua Tenenbaum, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 471–472.

197

Ford, Interview with Judea Pearl, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 366.

198

Will Knight, «An AI pioneer wants his algorithms to understand the ‘why,’» Wired, October 8, 2019, www.wired.com/story/ai-pioneer-algorithms-understand-why.

199

Аллисон Г. Обречены воевать. — М.: АСТ, 2019.

200

Graham Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.

201