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I find this statement one-sided and misleading but less so than the opposite claim of Yossef Bodansky: “The annual income of the Taliban from the drug trade is estimated at $8 billion. Bin Laden administers and manages these funds—laundering them through the Russian mafia” (Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America [New York: Random House/Prima, 2001], 315).

13. “US ‘Seizes al-Qaeda Drugs Ship,’” BBC News, December 19, 2003.

14. E.g., CBS News, March 11, 2004.

15. CBS News, April 14, 2004: “Investigators say the explosives were obtained from criminals who took drugs as payment. And proceeds from drug sales also paid for detonators, cell phones, a car and a rented apartment.”

16. 9/11 Commission Report, 72; discussion in Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 141–47, 155–60.

17. New York Times, July 20, 1993. Cf. J. R. de Szigethy, “Crime Scene—World Trade Center,” AmericanMafia.com, September 2004, http://www.americanmafia

.com: “The murders [from the 1993 WTC bombing] were the result of a plot by members of an organized crime syndicate involved in drug trafficking.”

18. Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (New York: Viking, 2008), 320.

19. Rashid, Descent into Chaos, 427.

20. James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006), 154, 160–63.

21. Peter Dale Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War: The United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003). Referring to the protection of the drug traffic in this fashion and to the court orders prohibiting her from speaking out about it, Sibel Edmonds has asked the following pertinent questions: “Is this due to the fact that the existence and survival of many U.S. allies; Turkey, almost all Central Asian nations, and after the September Eleven attack, Afghanistan; greatly depend on cultivating, processing, transporting, and distributing these illegal substances? Is it caused by the fact that a major source of income for those who procure U.S. weapons and technology, our military industrial complex’s bread and butter, is being generated from this illegal production and illegal dealings? Or, is it the fear of exposing our own financial institutions, lobbying firms, and certain elected and appointed officials, as beneficiaries?” (Sibel Edmonds, “The Highjacking of a Nation,” National Security Whistleblowers Coalition, November 29, 2006, http://nswbc.org/Op%20Ed/Part2-FNL-Nov29-06.htm).

22. In describing this split between public and covert policies, I am not suggesting that the CIA is a “rogue agency.” As I have written elsewhere, the CIA is an institution reflecting the wishes of the country’s financial element, which, in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s memorable phrase, “has owned the government ever since the days of Andrew Jackson” (Scott, The Road to 9/11, 1–7).

23. “You Created the Taliban, Pakistan’s President Tells His Critics in the US,” Daily Telegraph (London), December 12, 2009: “In its fight against the Soviets, the US supported the most radical elements within the mujahideen, who would later become the Taliban and al-Qaeda. When the Soviets were defeated and left in 1989, the US abandoned Pakistan and created a vacuum in Afghanistan, resulting in the current horror.”

24. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan/Henry Holt, 2007).

25. Cockburn and St. Clair, Whiteout, 265–69, 285–90, http://aangirfan.blogspot

.com/2005/05/drugs-business-in-indonesia.html.

26. Peter Truell and Larry Gurwin, False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World’s Most Corrupt Financial Empire (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 135–37, 384; Bartholomew B. J. Henderson, A Conflict of Interest: “Fraud and the Collapse of Titans” (Bloomington, IN: IUniverse, 2002), 214.

27. Paul Thompson, The Terror Timeline: Year by Year, Day by Day, Minute by Minute (New York: HarperCollins/Regan Books, 2004), 259.

28. Washington Post, February 17, 2002, http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/qdagold.htm.

29. U.S. Congress, Senate, Minority Staff Report for Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Hearing on Private Banking and Money Laundering: A Case Study of Opportunities and Vulnerabilities, November 9, 1999, http://hsgac.senate.gov/110999_

report.htm.

30. Ahmed Rashid, “The Taliban: Exporting Extremism,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 6, (November–December 1999): 21–35.

31. Misha Glenny, McMafia: A Journey through the Global Criminal Underground (New York: Knopf, 2008), 122–44. Ibrahim has been trafficking drugs since 1993, after he was forced to flee India.

32. Gretchen Peters, Seeds of Terror: How Heroin Is Bankrolling the Taliban and Al Qaeda (New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin’s Press, 2009), 165.

33. Peters, Seeds of Terror, 165.

34. U.S. Treasury Fact Sheet, “Dawood Ibrahim,” http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/fact_sheet.pdf; Peters, Seeds of Terror, 166.

35. “A Godfather’s Lethal Mix of Business and Politics,” U.S. News, November 27, 2005. However, Ibrahim also had influence and protection in India and the United Arab Emirates, even before being picked up by the ISI. After a 2003 wave of bombings in Mumbai, the police in Dubai twice, at India’s request, picked up Dawood Ibrahim’s brother Anees. And twice, thanks to the Ibrahim’s influence with the ruling families of the United Arab Emirates, Anees was then released.

36. Times of India, July 30, 2007.

37. Times of India, August 7, 2007.

38. Times of India, March 28, 2008, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/ISI_reach_will_expand_with_D-Company_merger/articleshow/2905397.cms: “‘Many members of Dawood’s gang have been indoctrinated and trained in the use of weapons in the Bahawalpur centre of the LeT near Lahore. Funds are being raised by investments in real estate and SRA projects in Mumbai and through smuggling of diesel and other essential commodities through the western coast spanning from Raigad to Mangalore along the Arabian Sea. We have warned Delhi about the smuggling being carried out by the Dawood gang with impunity,’ a security official said.”

39. Jeremy Hammond, “Role of Alleged CIA Asset in Mumbai Attacks Being Downplayed,” Foreign Policy Journal, December 10, 2008, http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_4113.shtml.

40. Yoichi Shimatsu, “Was Criminal Mastermind behind the Mumbai Attacks?” http://theragblog.blogspot.com/2008/11/was-criminal-mastermind-behind-mumbai

.html. operations; cf. Milt Bearden, The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Final Showdown with the KGB (New York: Random House, 2003), 94–95.

41. “Alleged Terrorism Plotter