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131. Pete Brewton, The Mafia, CIA and George Bush (1992), 296–97.

132. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 36–37, citing Robin Winks, Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961 (New York: William Morrow, 1987), 377–78 (X-2 in Vienna).

133. Peter Truell and Larry Gurwin, False Profits: The Inside Story of BCCI, the World’s Most Corrupt Financial Empire (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 384 (“ties”).

134. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 86. Abbas Kassimali Gokal, whom British prosecutors accused of stealing $1.3 billion from BCCI, was a board member of the Inter Maritime Bank from 1978 through 1982. In 1997, Gokal was sentenced to thirteen years by a British court for his role in the BCCI fraud.

135. Truell and Gurwin, False Profits, 384. Truell and Gurwin claim that Hartmann went from Intermaritime to BCCI; the Kerry-Brown BCCI Report claims that Rappaport recruited Hartmann from BCCI/BCP for his own bank.

136. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 85.

137. U.S. Congress, Senate, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from Senator John Kerry, Chairman, and from Senator Hank Brown, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations, September 30, 1992, 1–2 (cited henceforth as the Kerry-Brown Report), 69.

138. Jane Hunter, “Covert Operations: The Human Factor,” The Link 25, no. 3 (August 1992): 8, http://www.ameu.org/page.asp?iid=139&aid=183&pg=8.

139. Leonard Slater, The Pledge (New York: Pocket Books, 1971), 175.

140. Sindona had links to the Italian intelligence service SISMI, to drug traffickers like Rosario Gambino, and to the Nixon administration. See Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, and Jane Hunter, The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era (Boston: South End Press, 1987), 71, 73; Lernoux, In Banks We Trust, 178–79, 193–95.

141. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 36, citing Winks, Cloak and Gown, 377–78.

142. Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 165.

143. Operation Safehaven began as a U.S. Treasury effort to trace the movements of stolen Nazi gold and possibly implicate Nazi collaborators in America. Taken over by OSS X-2, it recuperated SS assets that were used instead to support former SS agents like Klaus Barbie, who were now working for the United States.

144. Anthony Cave Brown, The Secret War Report of the OSS (New York: Berkeley, 1976), 565–66.

145. Kessler, The Richest Man in the World, 162, 300; Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993), 54, 80, 263–64.

146. Truell and Gurwin, False Profits, 83–87.

147. Kerry-Brown Report.

148. Beaty and Gwynn, The Outlaw Bank, 357.

149. Truell and Gurwin, False Profits, 373–77.

150. Olmsted’s intelligence connections dated back to wartime service on the staff of General Albert Wedemeyer in China, where he was in charge of clandestine operations and in that capacity worked with OSS. He was thus a senior figure in what I am tempted to call the OSS China connection, which united so many of the people who were prominent in Helliwell’s postwar global drug connection. We have already mentioned Helliwell himself, who was head of the Special Intelligence branch of OSS in Kunming before he created Sea Supply Corp. in Bangkok. Willis Bird was the deputy chief of OSS China and then became the most important figure in Sea Supply after Helliwell’s return in 1951 from Bangkok to America. C. V. Starr, later represented by Corcoran, opened his insurance empire in China to the creation of an OSS network outside the OSS–KMT cooperation agreement. See Smith, OSS, 267 (Starr), 273 (Bird), 326 (Helliwell). But this is not the whole picture. Elsewhere, I have dealt with the postwar activities of other members of the small OSS Detachment 202 under Paul Helliwell in Kunming: E. Howard Hunt, Ray Cline, Lou Conein, John Singlaub, and Mitchell WerBell. All these men went on to develop postwar connections for the CIA with drug traffickers: Hunt in Mexico, Cline in Taiwan, Conein in Vietnam, WerBell in Laos, and Singlaub with the World Anti-Communist League, which Hunt and Cline had helped to create (Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 20, 207).

151. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 41; cf. Block, Masters of Paradise, 191.

152. Block and Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire, 41–42; Truell and Gurwin, False Profits, 40–43.

153. Truell and Gurwin, False Profits, 123–24, cf. 128–29: Expanding over seven pages on these and many other intelligence connections, they asked whether the bank’s illegal acquisition of an American bank holding company, First American Bankshares, was not in fact serving the purposes of U.S. intelligence: “No one can deny that virtually every major character in the takeover was connected in one way or another to U.S. intelligence: Olmsted who controlled the company [First American] for years; Middendorf, who headed the group that acquired it from him; Abedi, who arranged for clients of BCCI to buy the company from Middendorf’s group; [Mohammed Rahim Motaghi] Irvani, the chairman of one of the dummy companies set up to carry out the acquisition; [his partner Richard] Helms, who advised Irvani; [former Saudi intelligence chief Kamal] Adham, the lead investor in Abedi’s group; [Clark] Clifford, who steered the deal through the regulatory maze and then became the chairman of the company. . . . Can all this be a coincidence? Or is it possible that First American was affiliated with U.S. intelligence all along and that it was simply passed from one group of CIA associates to another, and then another? No proof has emerged that this is what happened, but it is certainly not a far-fetched theory.”

154. Kwitny, The Crimes of Patriots, 96.

155. Kwitny, The Crimes of Patriots, 162. BCCI also used Price Waterhouse as its auditor. In addition, BCCI and Nugan Hand used the same