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Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 258–61 (Phoumi and Ouane), 277–81 (Hmong); Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books/Chicago Review Press, 2001), 299–302, 317–21. Cf. Roger Warner, Back Fire: The CIA’s Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 121, 366–67.

3. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, 14, 353; The Politics of Heroin, 23, 383.

4. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 15.

5. Burton Hersh, The Old Boys (New York: Scribner’s, 1992), 300, citing Penny Lernoux, In Banks We Trust (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1984), 67.

6. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, 130. In his 2001 edition, McCoy is much more explicit: “In Washington [actually in Miami] OPC official Paul Helliwell, a lawyer, formed the Sea Supply Corporation to mask the arms shipments” [to Li Mi’s drug-trafficking troops in Burma] (168). I assume that McCoy’s sources in the 1970s never mentioned Helliwell to him, but I had already identified Helliwell and Sea Supply in my own book, The War Conspiracy, which appeared a few months before McCoy’s (“Sea Supply Inc. was organized in Miami, Florida, where its counsel, Paul L. E. Helliwell, doubled after 1951 as the counsel for the C.V. Starr insurance interests, and also as Thai consul in Miami”; The War Conspiracy [Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972], 210).

7. “An Interview with Alfred W. McCoy,” Education Forum, http://educationfo

rum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=6941&pid=63550&mode=threaded&start=#entry63550, emphasis added.

8. James Mills, The Underground Empire: Where Crime and Government Embrace (New York: Dell, 1986), 1142–43; cf. 727, 731.

9. Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Pack: The People, Politics and Espionage Intrigues That Shaped the DEA (Springfield, OR: TrineDay, 2009), 94; cf. Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs (London: Verso, 2004), 332–34.

10. Valentine, The Strength of the Pack, 73.

11. Valentine, The Strength of the Pack, 164; McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 199, 212. One cannot be surprised that some Americans on the scene, witnessing the protected flow of drugs, subsequently enriched themselves from Southeast Asian heroin. Two notable examples are Bernard Houghton and Michael Hand, who moved to Australia and helped found the major drug-trafficking Nugan Hand Bank. Other veterans of covert operations in the area, such as former Bangkok CIA Chief Robert Jantzen, joined them there. Still other veterans engaged in business with the bank, including Theodore Shackley, once the CIA station chief in Laos, and his associate Thomas Clines, once chief of the CIA base with Vang Pao at Long Cheng. See Alfred W. McCoy, Drug Traffic: Narcotics and Organized Crime in Australia (Sydney: Harper and Row, 1980); Jonathan Kwitny, The Crimes of Patriots (New York: Norton, 1987).

12. Valentine, The Strength of the Pack, 77. He describes Nam Yu as the site of the CIA’s “Strategic Intelligence Network 118A,” where CIA officer William Young had inserted two Lahu tribesmen into KMT caravans penetrating China. Cf. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf, 420–22; McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 335–37.

13. “Lima Sites,” LaoVeterans.com, http://www.laoveterans.com/about.html; Lao Trip Report, May 5–13, 2008, Thailand-Laos-Cambodia Brotherhood Organization, http://www.tlc-brotherhood.org/Assistance/Laos%20Assistance%20Reports/May%205%20may%202008.htm.

14. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 337.

15. William Leary, “The Death of a Legend,” http://www.air-america.org/In

_Remembrance/poe.shtml. Poe’s superior at Sea Supply, Joost’s successor Walter Kuzmak, was a longtime close friend of Howard Hunt; he testified on Hunt’s behalf when Hunt sued a newspaper for saying that he had been in Dallas on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated (Lisa Pease, “James Angleton Part II,” in The Assassinations, ed. James DiEugenio, Lisa Pease, Judge Joe Brown, and Zachary Sklar [Los Angeles: Feral House, 2003], 196). Kuzmak had been airdropped on an OSS mission into Thailand in July 1945 at a time when Hunt was at the OSS station in Kunming (E. Bruce Reynolds, Thailand’s Secret War: The Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005], 360).

16. Valentine, The Strength of the Pack, 170.

17. Valentine, The Strength of the Pack, 388, citing interview with Tony Poe and Albert Habib Memorandum Report, FBN, January 27, 1966, cf. 77, 170; Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf, 422.

18. Roger Warner, Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America’s Clandestine War in Laos (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 1996), 264.

19. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 296–97.

20. Bertil Lintner, Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948 (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999), 235–36.

21. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 440, 455. In 1993, Wei Xuekang, relocated to Burma, was indicted in New Jersey and later convicted in absentia for a shipment of 680 kilograms (a ton and a third) of heroin (Bangkok Post, June 27, 1999; Nation [Bangkok], September 9, 2003). Seven years later it was reported that he had become a banker by purchasing 80 percent of the Yangon-based May Flower Bank (Asian Economic News, July 24, 2000).

22. Martin Booth, Dragon Syndicates: The Global Phenomenon of the Triads (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1999), 175, 177, 179; cf. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 279, 399–401, 405–8.

23. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 310–11. Ma Sik-yu died in Taiwan in 1992. Cf. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 405–6: “Shortly after the Ma brothers’ flight from Hong Kong in 1977, the Hong Kong Star cited DEA sources to report that ‘suspected syndicate boss Ma Sik-yu was deeply involved with a network that spied on China for Taiwan.’ . . . Citing sources in the colony’s Investigation Bureau, the Star further claimed that agents of the People’s Republic of China ‘played a big part in giving Hong Kong police evidence to smash the alleged syndicate, which led to the arrest of ten in Hong Kong and Ma Sik-yu in Taiwan.’”

24. Independent, January 20, 1998, http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98.n058

.a10.html: “According to the reports, which were accompanied by a picture of Mr Ma’s son with John Major, the payment was made in an effort to