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64 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011), NICE guidelines [CG132]: Caesarean section, www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132/chapter/ guidance

65 Barber, E.L., Lundsberg, L., Belanger, K., Pettker, C.M., Funai, E.F., and Illuzzi, J.L. (2011), ‘Contributing indications to the rising cesarean delivery rate’, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 118(1), pp.29–38, www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751192

66 MedicineNet.com (2015), ‘Probiotics: what are prebiotics and synbiotics?’, 10 September, www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page3.htm

67 Azad, M.B., Becker, A.B., Guttman, D.S., Field, C.J., Chari, R.S., Sears, M.R., Becker, A.B., Scott, J.A., Kozyrskyj, A.L., and the CHILD Study investigators (2013), ‘Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 185, pp.385–94

68 Group B Strep Support, ‘Information about group B strep for pregnant women’, gbss.org.uk/who-we-are/about-gbs/what-is-gbs/for-pregnant-women

69 BabyCentre Medical Advisory Board (2012), ‘Group B streptococcus in pregnancy’, BabyCentre, www.babycentre.co.uk/a1647/group-b-streptococcus-in-pregnancy

70 Dekker R., ‘Group B strep in pregnancy: evidence for antibiotics and alternatives’, Evidence Based Birth evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep

71 Azad, M.B., Konya, T., Persaud, R.R., Guttman, D.S., Chari, R.S., Field, C.J., Sears, M.R., Mandhane, P.J., Turvey, S.E., Subbarao, P., Becker, A.B., Scott, J.A., Kozyrskyj, A.L. and the CHILD Study investigators (2015), ‘Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study’, BJOG 28 Sep [Epub ahead of print], www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412384

72 Hecht, D.W., ‘Bacteroides species’, Antimicrobe database, www.antimicrobe.org/b85.asp

73 Fraser, S.L., and Brusch, J.L. (2016), ‘Enterococcal infections’, Medscape, 17 March, emedicine.medscape.com/article/216993-overview

74 Azad, V.B., Konya, T., Guttman, D.S., Field, C.J., Sears, M.R., Hayglass, K.T., Mandhane, P.J., Turvey, S.E., Subbarao, P., Becker, A.B., Scott, J.A., Kozyrskyj, A.L. and the CHILD Study investigators (2015), ‘Infant gut microbiota and food sensitization: associations in the first year of life’, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, Vol.45, pp.632–43, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599982

75 Smith, J., Plaat, F., and Fisk, N.M. (2008), ‘The natural Caesarean: a woman-centred technique’, BJOG. Vol. 115(8), pp.1037–42, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613254

76 Callaway, E. (2016), ‘Scientists swab C-section babies with mothers’ microbes’, Nature News, 1 February www.nature.com/news/scientists- swab-c-section-babies-with-mothers-microbes-1.19275

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77 Nancy, P., Tagliani, E., Chin-Siean, T., Asp, P., Levy, D.E. and Erlebacher, A., (2012), ‘Chemokine gene silencing in decidual stromal cells limits T cell access to the maternal-fetal interface’, Science, Vol. 336(6086), pp.1317–21. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3727649

78 Yong, E (2013). ‘Newborn immune systems suppressed’, The Scientist, 6 November, www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/38187/title/Newborn-Immune-Systems-Suppressed/

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79 We made a documentary film called Freedom For Birth in 2012 (freedomforbirth.com) looking at the implications of a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that every mother has the human right to decide the circumstances of her birth. Case of Ternovszky v. Hungary. ECHR, 14 December 2010, application no.67545/09

80 Science Museum, ‘What did the Human Genome Project find? How many genes do you have?’ www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourgenes/whatwasthehumangenomeproject/whatdidthehumangenomeprojectfind

81 Feil, R., and Fraga, M.F. (2012), Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications’, Nature Reviews Genetics Vol.13, pp.97–109, www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v13/n2/full/nrg3142.html

82 Thomson, H. (2014), ‘“Epigenetic” gene tweaks seem to trigger cancer’, New Scientist Daily News, 25 July, www.newscientist.com/article/dn25959-epigenetic-gene-tweaks-seem-to-trigger-cancer

83 McKie, R. (2013), ‘Why do identical twins end up having such different lives?’, The Observer, 2 June, www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/02/twins-identical-genes-different-health-study

84 Duhl, D., Vrieling, H., Miller, K.A., Wolff, G.L., and Barsh, G.S. (1994), ‘Neomorphic agouti mutations in obese yellow mice’, Nature Genetics Vol. 8(1), pp59–65, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7987393

85 Adams, J. (2008), ‘Obesity, epigenetics, and gene regulation’, Nature Education, Vol. 1(1), p.128 www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/obesity-epigenetics-and-gene-regulation-927

86 The EPIIC International Research Group was founded by Professors Soo Downe from the University of Central Lancashire, Holly Powell-Kennedy from Yale University and Professor Hannah Dahlen from Western Sydney University

87 Dahlen, H.G., Kennedy, H.P., Anderson, C.M., Bell, A.F., Clark, A., Fourer, M., et al. (2013), Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 80(5), pp.656–62, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414680

88 Almgren, M., Schlinzig T, Gomez-Cabrero, D., Gunnar, A., Sundin, M., Johansson, S., et al. (2014),‘Cesarean delivery and hematopoietic stem cell epigenetics in the newborn infant: implications for future health?’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 211(5), pp.502. e1–502.e8, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24996659

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89 Hillman, N., Kallapur, S. G., and Jobe, A. (2012). ‘Physiology of transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life’, Clinics in Perinatology, Vol. 39(4), pp.769–83, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3504352

90 Blustein J., Liu, J. (2015), ‘Time to consider the risks of caesarean delivery for long term child health’, BMJ, Vol. 350: h2410. www.bmj. com/content/350/bmj.h2410. For a lay summary see: Kraft, A. (2015), ‘C-section births linked to long-term child health problems’, CBS News, 11 June, www.cbsnews.com/news/c-section-cesarean-births-child-health-problems-asthma-obesity-diabetes

91 Black, M., Bhattacharya, S., Philip, S., Norman, J.E., and McLernon, D.J. (2015), ‘Planned cesarean delivery at term and adverse outcomes in childhood health’, Journal of the American Medical Association 2015;314(21):2271–79. For a layman’s summary see: Rabin, R. (2015), ‘C-sections are best with a little labor, a study says’, The New York Times, 14 December, well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/14/c-sections-are-best-with-a-little-labor-a-study-says/

92 Sevelsted, A., Stokholm, J., Bo_⁄nnelykke, K., and Bisgaard, H. (2014), ‘Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders pediatrics’, Pediatrics, Vol. 135(1), pp.e92–8 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452656. For a layman’s summary see: Ringgaard, A. (2014), ‘Giant study links C-sections with chronic disorders’, ScienceNordic, 9 December, sciencenordic.com/giant-study-links-c-sections-chronic-disorders