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52. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, p. 117.

53. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, pp. 125, 134–5.

54. F. Rouvidois ‘Utopia and Totalitarianism’, in R. Schner, G. Claeys and L. T. Sargent (eds) Utopia: the Search for the Ideal Society in the Western World (New York, 2000), p. 330.

55. D. Schoenbaum Hitler’s Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany 1933–1939 (New York, 1966), p. 38.

56. R. Zitelmann Hitler: the Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), pp. 109, 127; E. Syring Hitler: seine politische Utopie (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), pp. 170–71.

57. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 145, 147.

58. S. Fitzpatrick ‘Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia’, Journal of Modern History, 65 (1993), pp. 749–50; see too G. Alexopoulos Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State 1926–1936 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), pp. 14–17, 21–5.

59. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 127, 145; Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, pp. 65–6; F. L. Kroll Utopie als Ideologie: Geschichtsdenken und politisches Handeln im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1998), pp. 35–9.

60. A. Kolnai The War Against the West (London, 1938), pp. 73, 80.

61. Münk, Organisation des Raumes, p. 67.

62. F. Janka Die braune Gesellschaft: ein Volk wird formatiert (Stuttgart, 1997), pp. 172–85, 196–7; see too Syring, Hitler: seine politische Utopie, pp. 22–9, 210.

63. Münk, Organisation des Raumes, p. 63

64. Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 62.

65. Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 57.

66. A. Lüdtke The “Honor of Labor”: Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National Socialism’, in D. Crew (ed.) Nazism and German Society 1933–1945 (London, 1994), pp. 67–109.

67. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 154–6.

68. Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 67; see too the statistical analyses in D. Mühlberger (ed.) The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements (London, 1987), pp. 76–94.

69. Fitzpatrick, ‘Ascribing Class’, pp. 749–50.

70. Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts, pp. 24–8, 70–73, 90–95; Fitzpatrick, ‘Ascribing Class’, pp. 756–7.

71. L. Siegelbaum ‘Production Collectives and Communes and the “Imperatives” of Soviet Industrialization’, Slavic Review, 45 (1986), pp. 65–79.

72. J. C. McClelland ‘Utopianism versus Revolutionary Heroism in Bolshevik Policy: the Proletarian Culture Debate’, Slavic Review, 39 (1980), pp. 404–7, 415.

73. J. Stalin Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1947), pp. 421–2, 424, ‘Results of the First Five-Year Plan’, CC Plenum, 7 January 1933.

74. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, pp. 498–9, ‘Report on the Work of the Central Committee to the 17th Congress’, 26 January 1934.

75. K. E. Bailes Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, NJ, 1978), p. 166.

76. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 502.

77. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, pp. 544–6, ‘On the Draft Constitution of the USSR’, 25 November 1936: ‘…all the exploiting classes have been eliminated. There remains the working class. There remains the peasant class. There remains the intelligentsia.’

78. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 503.

79. Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 164.

80. Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 168; see too Syring, Hitler: seine politische Utopie, pp. 184–7.

81. See for example A. Angelopoulos Planisme etprogres social (Paris, 1951) esp. Ch. 3; E. Lederer Planwirtschaft (Tübingen, 1932); F. Lenz Wirtschaftsplanung und Planwirtschaft (Berlin, 1948).

82. Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 321.

83. P. Kluke ‘Hitler und das Volkwagenprojekt’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 8 (1960), p. 349.

84. On Todt see J. Herf Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 199–200; on the Westwall see J. Heyl The Construction of the Westwall. An Example of National Socialist Policy-Making’, Central European History, 14 (1981), p. 77.

85. Herf, Reactionary Modernism, pp. 200, 204–6.

86. Herf, Reactionary Modernism, p. 168. An interesting example of the new view of technology and the people’s community is given in K. Gispen ‘Visions of Utopia: Social Emancipation, Technological Progress and Anticapitalism in Nazi Inventor Policy,

1933–1945’, Central European History, 32 (1999), pp. 35–51.

87. Bailes, Technology and Society, pp. 160–63.

88. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 259; K. Clark ‘Engineers of Human Souls in an Age of Industrialization: Changing Cultural Models, 1929–31’, in W. Rosenberg and L. Siegelbaum (eds) Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialization (Bloomington, Ind., 1993), p. 249.

89. Bailes, Technology and Society, p. 163.

90. Clark, ‘Engineers of Human Souls’, pp. 250–51; Bailes, Technology and Society, pp. 176–7.

91. Bailes, Technology and Society, p. 289; K. E. Bailes ‘Stalin and the Making of a New Elite: A Comment’, Slavic Review, 39 (1980), pp. 268–9; S. Fitzpatrick ‘Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928–1939’, Slavic Review, 38 (1979), pp. 385–7, 396–8.

92. Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 182.

93. On Eichmann and the security bureaucracy see Y. Lozowick Hitler’s Bureaucrats: the Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil (London, 2000); H. Safrian Die Eichmann Männer (Vienna, 1993).

94. M. Kater The Nazi Tarty: a Social Profi le of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945 (Oxford, 1983), pp. 252–3, 264 (fi gures based

on statistical sampling); H. F. Ziegler Nazi Germany’s New Aristocracy: the SS Leadership, 1925–1939 (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 102–5.

95. Ziegler, Nazi Germany’s New Aristocracy, p. 73.

96. I. Halfi n The Rape of the Intelligentsia: A Proletarian Foundation Myth’, Russian Review, 56 (1997), pp. 103, 106; A. Lunacharsky On Education: Selected Articles and Speeches (Moscow, 1981), lecture on ‘Education and the New Man’, 23 May 1928.

97. S. Fitzpatrick Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 75–6.

98. H. Rauschning Hitler Speaks (London, 1939), pp. 241–3.

99. Rauschning, Hitler Speaks, p. 247; Janka, braune Gesellschaft, pp. 183–91, 200–201.

100. P. Weindling Health, Race and German Politics between National Unifi cation and Nazism 1870–1945 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 7–8; P. Weingart ‘Eugenic Utopias: Blueprints for the Rationalization of Human Evolution’, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook: Vol VIII (Dordrecht, 1984), p. 175.

101. L. R. Graham ‘Science and Values: The Eugenics Movement in Germany and Russia in the 1920s’, American Historical Review, 82 (1977), pp. 1132, 1145–7.