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65. Junge, Until the Final Hour, p. 114.

66. Miskolczy, Hitler’s Library, pp. 3–5.

67. E. H. Schwaab Hitler’s Mind: a Plunge into Madness (New York, 1992), p. 29.

68. Schwaab, Hitler’s Mind, p. 43.

69. F. Genoud (ed.) The Testament of Adolf Hitler: the Hitler-Bormann Documents (London, 1961), p. 95, entry for 25 February 1945.

70. Allen (ed.), Infancy of Nazism, p. 165.

71. Tucker, Stalin, pp. 309–10 on the collective leadership principle; p. 319 for Bukharin quotation.

72. Graham, Stalin, p. 121.

73. I. Zbarsky and S. Hutchinson Lenin’s Embalmers (London, 1998), pp. 11–12; N. Tumarkin Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 174–5.

74. J. Stalin Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1947), pp. 13–93, ‘The Foundations of Leninism’; Tucker, Stalin, pp. 316–24; R. W. Daniels The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), pp. 236–8.

75. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, p. 48, ‘On the death of Lenin’, speech of 26 January 1924 to Second All-Union Congress of Soviets.

76. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, pp. 189–90, ‘Foundations of Leninism’, Pravda, May 1924.

77. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, p. 47.

78. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, pp. 191–2.

79. Graham, Stalin, pp. 78–9.

80. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 104–5. On the contest with Trotsky see too R. W. Daniels Trotsky, Stalin and Socialism (Boulder, Colo., 1991); Y. Felshtinsky ‘Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin and the Left Opposition in the USSR, 1918–1928’, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique, 31 (1990), pp. 570–73.

81. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, p. 373, Trotskyism or Leninism?’ speech 19 November 1924; Tucker, Stalin, pp. 340–44.

82. Tucker, Stalin, pp. 353–4.

83. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, p. 134.

84. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy’, p. 113.

85. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, p. 135.

86. L. Trotsky My Life: an Attempt at an Autobiography (London, 1970), p. 554.

87. Stalin, On the Opposition, p. 865, speech at plenum of the Central Committee, 23 October 1927.

88. Stalin, On the Opposition, pp. 867, 883.

89. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 175–8; Zbarsky and Hutchinson, Lenin’s Embalmers, pp. 61–2 for the description of Bukharin. See too S. Cohen Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938 (New York, 1980) for the standard account.

90. On the emergence of the ‘right opposition’ see C. Merridale, ‘The Reluctant Opposition: the Right “Deviation” in Moscow 1928’, Soviet Studies, 41 (1989), pp. 382–400.

91. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, p. 177.

92. Merridale, ‘Reluctant Opposition’, pp. 384–8; see too idem, Moscow Politics and the Rise of Stalin: the Communist Party in the Capital 1925–32 (London, 1990) esp. chs 2–3; R. Medvedev Nikolai Bukharin: The Last Years (New York, 1980), pp. 17–18.

93. A. Avtorkhanov Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: a Study in the Technology of Power (Munich, 1959) pp. 117–18.

94. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, p. 186; Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Communist Party, pp. 124–5, 152–3. For a more critical assessment of the claim for a right ‘deviation’ see M. David-Fox ‘Memory, Archives, Politics. The Rise of Stalin in Avtorkhanov’s Technology of Power Slavic Review, 54 (1995), pp. 988–1003. On Molotov’s elevation, see D. Watson Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41 (London, 1996), pp. 27–44; R. G. Suny ‘Stalin and his Stalinism: power and authority in the Soviet Union, 1930–53’ in I. Kershaw and M. Lewin (eds) Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 33–5.

95. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Communist Party, pp. 156–7; J. Brooks Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ, 2000), pp. 59–61; J. Gooding Rulers and Subjects: Government and People in Russia 1801–1991 (London, 1996), pp. 199–200.

96. D. Orlow The History of the Nazi Party: Volume I, 1919–1933 (Newton Abbot, 1973), p. 49.

97. Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 52–3.

98. Hess, Rudolf Hess: Briefe, p. 363, letter from Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 2 March 1925. Speech in C. Vollnhals (ed.) Hitler: Reden, Schriften und Anordnungen Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933 (12 vols, Munich, 1992), i, p. 14–28.

99. P. Stachura Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism (London, 1983), pp. 11–26; U. Kissenkoetter Gregor Strasser und die NSDAP (Stuttgart, 1978), pp. 22–5.

100. Stachura, Strasser, p. 38.

101. Hess, Rudolf Hess: Briefe, p. 368, letter from Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 24 April 1925.

102. Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 68–70; I. Kershaw Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 (London, 1998), pp. 274–7.

103. Stachura, Strasser, p. 51; see too Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser, p. 24.

104. Stachura, Strasser, pp. 51–3; see on Hitler’s economic views R. Zitelmann Hitler: The Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), esp. part iv, pp. 198–269.

105. Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 135–6, 143.

106. P. Longerich Die braunen Bataillone: Geschichte der SA (Munich, 1989), pp. 15–33; Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 211–13.

107. K. Gossweiler Die Strasser-Legende (Berlin, 1994), p. 19; Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser, pp. 41–7.

108. C. Fischer Stormtroopers: a Social, Economic and Ideological Analysis 1929–1935 (London, 1983) pp. 5–6; H. A. Turner (ed.) Hitler: Memoirs of a Confi dant (New Haven, Conn. 1985), pp. 28–31.

109. Stachura, Strasser, p. 101.

110. Stachura, Strasser, pp. 101–13; Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser, pp. 123–30, 162–77.

111. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Communist Party, p. 124.

112. S. Cohen Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917 (Oxford, 1985), ch. 3. See the discussion in S. Blank ‘Soviet Institutional Development during NEP: A Prelude to Stalinism’, Russian History, 9 (1982), pp. 325–46; Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, pp. 398–401, 408–11; S. Farber Before Stalinism: the Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy (Cambridge, 1990) pp. 149 ff. on the absence of any independent political activity long before Stalinism.

113. Stachura, Strasser, p. 124; Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin, p. 161.

114. Stalin, Works, vol. xiii, p. 41, speech to First Ail-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, 4 February 1931.

115. Stalin, Works, vol. xiii, p. 42.

116. H. Kuromiya Stalin’s Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1932 (Cambridge, 1988), p. 5.